A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a vital component of indoor environmental comfort, regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. The heating function typically involves furnaces, boilers, or heat pumps that generate warmth, while ventilation ensures the circulation of fresh air and the removal of indoor pollutants. The system also includes air conditioning components such as compressors and evaporators, which cool and dehumidify indoor air during warmer months. HVAC systems can be centralized, with ductwork distributing conditioned air throughout a building, or they may consist of standalone units like ductless mini-split systems.